Abstract:
The objective of this project was to devise a conceptually simple tool that operationalized the complex relationship between land use and travel behavior. The TELUMI is a set of maps that depicts how the region’s urban form affects overall transportation system efficiency. Nine map layers represent the effects of individual land-use variables on transportation efficiency. They include density (residential and employment), mix of uses (shopping and school traffic, the presence of neighborhood centers (NC)), network connectivity (block size), parking supply (amount of parking at grade), pedestrian environment (slopes), and affordable housing. The tenth layer is a composite index, which takes into account the relative effects of each of the nine variables on transportation efficiency, based on a statistical analysis that modeled the relationship between the land-use variables and King County bus ridership. Each land-use variable is mapped by using three categories, which define zones of high, latent, and low transportation efficiency (TE). High TE values correspond to many convenient transportation options, including transit, non-motorized, and other non-SOV travel options. Low TE corresponds to few transportation options beyond SOV travel. Latent TE indicates that travel options remain limited, but that land-use conditions in these zones are favorable enough to permit easy and effective increases in future travel options—either via transportation system investments, demand management or other programmatic actions, or land-use changes. The visual dimension of the TELUMI’s maps make the tool an attractive means of communication with lay audiences, while its quantitative capabilities can speak to transportation and urban planning professionals. While the TELUMI now shows how to rate areas of the Puget Sound for their existing transportation efficiency, it can and should also be used to set goals for future transportation efficiency and to monitor progress over time. Changes in the values of land-use variables can be assessed in terms of their impact on the region's overall transportation efficiency.

Authors:
Moudon,A. V., Sohn,D. W.

Keywords:
land use, urban form, transportation efficiency, urban planning

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Abstract:
A growing body of research documents that land use relates with travel mode choice, distances and time spent traveling, and household level vehicle emissions. However, to date little work has been done at a sufficiently disaggregate scale to gain an understanding of how local governments should alter their land use policies and plans to reduce vehicle use and encourage transit and non-motorized forms of travel. This study of the four county Central Puget Sound region links parcel level and use data with travel data collected from the Puget Sound Household Travel Survey (PSHTS). The primary aid of the study is to describe how measures of land use mix, density, and street connectivity where people live and work influences their trip-making patterns including trip chaining and mode choice for home-based work trips, home-based non-work trips, and mid-day trips from work. Land use measures are developed within one kilometer of the household and employment trip ends in the survey. Tour-based models are developed to estimate the relative ujtility of travel across available modes when controlling for level of service, regional accessibility to employment, and socio-demographic factors. A secondary aim of the project is to estimate the linkages between land use and household generation of Oxides of Nitrogen and Volatile Organic Compoounds that are precursors to the formation of harmful ozone. Emissions are estimated based on modeled speeds for AM, PM, and off-peak travel at the trip link level and then aggregated to the household level. Household emisisons are then correlated with land use patterns where people live when controlling for socio-demographic factors. An exploratory analysis was also conducted as part of this work to estimate how land use patterns where people work influences their modal choice and engagement in TMD programs offered by employers. The project relied on the Commute Trip Reduction Database from WSDOT. However, it was found that additional development of these data is necessary before this type of analysis can be done. Results are presented that document how much of an increase in the utilization of specific modes of travel for work and non-work travel would likely accrue from specific types of land use changes, and from changes to travel cost and travel time.

Authors:
Frank,L., Chapman,J., Bradley,M., Lawton,T.

Keywords:
Land use, travel behavior, air quality, tour based modeling, modal choice

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Abstract:
The project's major objective is to demonstrate and assess the applicability of commercial remote sensing products and spatial information technologies to environmental analysis in transportation planning, using the I-405 corridor in Washington State as a test case. The project consisted of six major tasks: 1) Undertake field study in two stages, first to collect ground-truth data prior to image analysis, and then to evaluate the image-analysis results against the "real-world." 2) Compile and evaluate available image data and fuse these data to create the best possible resource for image data analysis. 3) Characterize land use and land cover in the region by using ERDAS's IMAGINE imaging processing software and customized software procedures for land cover IMAGINE imaging processing software and customized software procedures for land cover classification on the image data. 4) Integrate the land use and land cover characterization from the previous task with geographic information systems (GIS) and other data to provide land use/land cover and transportation images, and related analysis to support the NEPA process. 5) Develop estimates and compare the cost, value, and usefulness of information developed using conventional NEPA-study methods with those developed in this project. 6) Document the procedures, analysis, and findings to institute technology transfer steps for future NEPA analyses. The major products of this project include: (a) A spatial database of image data from a variety of remote sensing sources, and derived and interpreted information in GIS format, including land use and land cover information; (b) Software procedures that access multiple remote sensing and GIS (RS/GIS) data sources to derive land use and land cover information, and identify and delineate areas where proposed transportation development might cause adverse environmental impacts; (c) Results of a case study of the costs, value, and usefulness of products derived from conventional data-gathering practices, compared to those developed in this study, based on the assessments of professionals who participated in the actual I-405 corridor Environmental Impact Statement process; and (d) This report, which documents the methods and results of the research, and a companion guidebook on procedures for developing remote sensing - geographic information system (RS/GIS) products.

Authors:
Xiong,D., Lee,R., Saulsbury,J. B., Lanzer,E. L., Perez,A.

Keywords:
Transportation remote sensing, NEPA, Land Use, Land Cover Mapping, Environmental Assessment, I-405 Corridor

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Abstract:
Access management has been widely defined as the planning, design, and implementation of land-use and transportation strategies that control the flow of traffic between roads and surrounding land. Management and control of vehicular, pedestrian, bicycle, air, and sea traffic occurs through various forms of access, including traffic signals, turning lanes and restrictions, driveway spacing management, intelligent transportation systems, gating and hubbing schemes, and port terminal management. The engineering of transportation systems thus involves access management as a critical negotiations tool. Previous studies on access management have focused mainly on the positive benefits of access management relating to reductions in accident counts and severities, and improvement in traffic flow. However, the evolution of transportation systems design is also influenced greatly by the perceptions of system users, and to date, research on perceptions of access has been limited. User perceptions of access affect business vitality as well as residential quality of life. This study addressed the perceived economic impacts that access management has specifically on businesses. This study collected 280 surveys from businesses along six major commercial corridors in Western Washington, as well as business-related data from geographic information systems. The researchers then focused on statistical frameworks for analyzing perceived economic impacts. Perceived economic impact due to access management was first assumed and then later proven to correlate implicitly and explicitly to perception of accessibility for any given business. Model estimation was conducted by using joint density models to capture the perceptual inter-relationships between business accessibility and patronage. Factors found to be statistically significant included business type, business operational variables, corridor and street environment variables, and willingness-to-pay amounts. The identification of significant business factors offers insights into how businesses view access management. In the dialogue on design requirements between public development review units and private land developers, such information can provide a successful and efficient negotiations tool.

Authors:
Vu,P., Shankar,V., Chayanan,S.

Keywords:
access management, land use, economic impacts, research

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External Links: http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/554.1.pdf http://wsdot.wa.gov/Research/Reports/500/554.1.htm

Abstract:
The pervasive problem of restoring fish runs to their natal streams is characterized in many regions of Washington by improperly placed culverts. The replacement of these fish migration barriers requires knowledge of design flows: floods for structural safety and migration season high and low flows. High flows block fish passage with velocities that exceed their swimming capabilities. During low flows, the migration barrier is caused by a lack of enough water depth to support the bodies of the fish. The estimation of these fish passage and safety flows in ungaged streams is impeded in eastern Washington due to: the wide range of conditions (5 to 110 inches per year of precipitation); diverse geology and soils; a lack of stream-gaging stations with long-term records; changes in land use; and the seasonal impacts of irrigation diversions and well on the remnant flows. Past efforts to estimate these flows have not been successful. Therefore, the WSU project was undertaken to model the high migration season flow in all of eastern Washington. In addition, WSU established 20 stream-gaging stations on salmon streams along the east side of the Cascade Mountains plus the Blue Mountains. Our complementary project was developed to estimate other design flows in the Water Resource Inventory Areas and 49, in which the WSU gage sites are located. United States Geological Survey (USGS) gage records in those (and in and 47) were used to develop our models that estimate the following statistical flows: 100-year, 25-year and 2-year daily and peak floods; the average annual flow and its variability; ranges of mean monthly flows (maximum, average and low); the 7-day average, 2-year, 10-year, 20-year low flow; and the 30- and 60-day average low flows. The model results are, for the most part, very good. The standard error of estimate ranges are: for floods, 2 -37%; average annual flow, 10-37%; maximum annual flow, 6 -14%; annual flow, 13 -23%; and flows, 3 -22%. Monthly average flows reflected the strong influences of seasonal variability and irrigation withdrawals: due to winter frozen Iowa flows (3%)in the Entiat,-Wenatchee Region, and August low flows (242%) in the Blue Mountains due to irrigation. All flow estimation equations were based on USGS stream-gaging data from continuous located in the located in the WRIA'S.

Authors:
Orsborn,J. F., Orsborn,M. T.

Keywords:
Annual, barrier, barriers, condition, culvert, culverts, data, design, design flows, developed, equations, Error, fish, fish passage, flood, flow, hydrologic models, impact, impacts, ITS, land use, land-use, model, models, project, safety, salmon, season, seasonal, soil, structural safety, survey, velocity, Washington, winter

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External Links: http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/545.2.pdf http://wsdot.wa.gov/Research/Reports/500/545.2.htm

Abstract:
Transportation-efficient development is development that supports the use of alternative transportation modes while reducing the need to drive alone. The project assumed that transportation-efficient developjent is effective at changing people's travel behavior. To study implementation of transportation-efficient development, relationships between local regulations and approved project proposals were examined in 19 study areas along two major state highway corridors in the central Puget Sound region in Washington State. Within each sudy area, local planners filled out a survey that was used to inventory local land-use regulations. Development proposals within each study area were evaluated to document implementation. Interviews with local planners supplemented the survey responses and provided more detail on the types of programs, incentives,and other actions and processes used to encourage transportation-efficient development.Findings highlighted the importance of local land-use regulation in implementing transportation-efficient development. Largely, study areas that had zoned for transportation-efficient development were able to implement it, while those that did not have regulations in place that required of continued development did not have as much success in implementation. As a basic tool for guiding development, regulations work. In addition to regulations, a variety of other actions had been used to implement transportation-efficient development in the study areas. Design review programs had been particularly effective, and several study areas had used incentives successfully as well.This research project is the first of a three-phase WSDOT process titled "Integrating Land Use and Transportation Investment Decision-Making." In Phase 2, findings from this research will be integrated into a resource guide, "Guide to Transportation-Efficient Land Use and Development Patterns." The findings from this work will also serve as the cornerstone for Phase 3, a project that will examine the inclusion of more detailed land-use criteria into WSDOT's corridor planning and programming processes. This project also represents part of the local match for the FTA-funded project "Trans-Lake Washington TDM & Land Use Effectiveness Review & Enhancement."

Authors:
Kavage,S., Moudon,A. V., Cail,M., Lee,C., Pergakes,N.

Keywords:
transit-oriented development, land use and transportation, linkage, smart growth, land use, regulation, implementation development, codes

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External Links: http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/549.1.pdf http://wsdot.wa.gov/Research/Reports/500/549.1.htm

Abstract:
This study was prompted by the impending prioritization of Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) highway mobility projects for the 1997-1999 biennium. The ranking procedure that was analyzed and refined in the study is based on a methodology called "Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution," commonly known as TOPSIS; it is the final step in WSDOT's current process for prioritizing proposed projects.The report used the WSDOT programming method as a case study of one flexible framework for assessing projects related to all highway modes. Rank order sensitivity to estimate erros and to various categorical weight distributions was investigated. Furthermore, direct comparisons were made between the WSDOT priority programming method, a WSDOT system planning method, and a Puget Sound Regional Council project prioritization method. The goals of the report were to inform the policy-making debate over assigning subjective category weights and selecting pertinent catergories of criteria, and to investigate the range of acceptable error in project performance predictions. In so doing, the reliability and adequacy of the WSDOT ranking methodology was also assessed.

Authors:
Rutherford,G. S., Reed,T. L.

Keywords:
statewide programming, prioritization, mobility, multimodal, costs efficiency, community support, wetlands, noise, water quality, land use

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Abstract:
This research project focused on whether high or low incidence of pedestrial travel in mixed-use, medium density environments is due to site design characteristics and, specifically, to the presence of direct, continuous, and safe pedestrial systems.The study examined twelve neighborhood centers, or "sites," in the Puget Sound area of Washington. The twelve sites were selected to match in terms of gross residential density, median income, automobile ownership, and intensity and type of neighborhood commercial development. Pedestrians and bicyclists who traveled into the commercial area were recorded. A clear break emerged between urban and suburban sites. The average urban pedestrian volume as 37.7 per hour per 1,000 residents, three times higher than the 12.5 per hour per 1,000 residents in suburban sites.These results strongly support the hypothesis that, when other variables are held constant, the urban versus suburban difference in route directness and completeness of pedestrian facilities (namely, block size and sidewalk length) affects pedestrian volumes. The results also question the common belief the people do not walk in the suburbs. Given appropriate land-use conditions, pedestrian facility improvement programs in suburban areas could support pedestrian travel and have a significant influence on mode choice.

Authors:
Moudon,A. V., Hess,P., Snyder,M. C., Stanilov,K.

Keywords:
pedestrian facilities, travel behavior, land use, research

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Abstract:
This study was prompted by the impending prioritization of Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) highway mobility projects for the 1997-1999 biennium. The ranking procedure that was analyzed and refined in the study is based on a methodology called "Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution," commonly known as TOPSIS; it is the final step in WSDOT's current process for prioritizing proposed projects. TOPSIS normalizes project scores in an evaluation matrix into dimensionless units, multiplies each of the scores by relative assigned weights, formulates a theoretical "ideal-best" project and a theoretical "ideal-worst" project, and prioritizes proposed projects by calculating their relative distances between the ideal solutions.All the revisions to the prioritization procedure were based on feedback from WSDOT personnel on the 1995-1997 programming cycle. Their requests were transformed into four major objectives: 1) increase user friendliness to minimize user errors and reduce production time; 2) increase the consistency between relative rankings of the same projects on different lists, regardless of the characteristics of the other projects on the lists; 3) reconcile the mathematical results of the program with general "intuitive" understanding of how the program works, particularly with regard to the influence of the benefit-cost ratio over the final rankings; 4) create a "seamless" transition for WSDOT regions from the previous version of the ranking procedure to the new version.The research focused on mitigating an observed sensitivity to project mix. Rank order consistency was improved by introducing scoring constraints and standardized project ideals by normalizing or truncating three criteria categories. The resulting algorithm, TOPSIS-8, is a new version of the TOPSIS ranking algorithm studied.

Authors:
Barnes,J., Rutherford,G. S.

Keywords:
statewide programming, prioritization, mobility, multimodal, costs efficiency, community support, wetlands, noise, water quality, land use, research

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Abstract:
This technical report summarizes the Prioritization of Capacity Improvements Study (PCIS), the purpose of which was to develop a new methodology for prioritizing mobility improvement projects to reflect State Transportation Policy Plan objectives. This report includes a discussion of the preexisting Category C prioritization formula, an overview of state-of-the-art prioritization methods for regional and statewide project programming elsewhere, a detailed discussion of the proposed ranking methodology for mobility improvements, and finally, a description of the implementation process for the 1995-97 biennial programming cycle at the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT). This study focused on the safe, cost-effective movement of people and goods; the encouragement of high occupancy vehicles and alternative modes; land use-transportation compatibility; environmental conservation; social and economic impacts; institutional coordination; and local support, all of which are explicit goals in the Stae Transportation Policy Plan. The new prioritization framework has several advantages. It is flexible enough to accomodate future changes in state policy. Additionally, it represents a significant step toward the ability to evaluate and rank multimodal mobility projects in direct response to transportation policy and service objectives. WSDOT is clearly in the forefront of such planning efforts nationwide. There are many opportunities for further study, and it is recommended that the Washington State Department of Transportation continue to push the known boundaries of economic analysis as innovative, multimodal solutions are considered increasingly frequent in the mobility improvement program. Such efforts will allow decision makers to make the best use of limited state resources.

Authors:
Rutherford,G. S., Niemeier,D. A., Reed,T. L.

Keywords:
statewide programming, proritization, capacity improvements, mobility, ISTEA, multimodal, costs efficiency, community support, wetlands, noise, water quality, land use

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Abstract:
This project is part of a research agenda to discover ways to plan and implement urban forms that reduce dependence on the single occupancy vehicle (SOV). The purpose of this project was to empirically test the relationship between land use density, mix, jobs-housing balance, and travel behavior at the census tract level for two trip purposes: work and shopping. This project provides input into policies at the national, state, and local level, targeted at the reduction of SOV travel.This research employed a correlational research design in which urban form (e.g., density) and travel behavior (e.g., mode choice) relationships were analyzed while controlling for non-urban form factors (e.g., demographics). Data for travel behavior variables (modal choice, trip distance, and travel time) were obtained from the Puget Sound Transportation Panel. Data for the urban form variables (employment density, population density, mix, and jobs-housing balance) were obtained from the U.S. Census Bureau, the Washington State Employment Security Department, and the King County Assessor's Office. The databases developed for this study were composed of these data sources, matched together by one common variable: the census tract. The databases were structured around two separate units of analysis: the trip and the tract. Relationships between urban form and modal choice were analyzed at the tract level, while urban form relationships with trip distance and travel time were analyzed at the trip level. Simple statistical analytical methods were used to identify relationships between urban form and travel behavior variables, including T-tests, linear correlation, partial correlation, multiple regression, and cross-tabulation. Findings from the application of these methods indicated that employment density, population density, and land-use mix were negatively correlated with SOV usage and positively correlated with transit usage and walking for both work and shopping trips. Employment density, population density, and land-use mix were negatively correlated with trip distance. Travel time was positively correlated with employment density and negatively correlated with mixing of uses for work trips. The jobs-housing balance was negatively correlated with trip distance and travel time for work trips. Transit, walking, and SOV usage were found to have non-linear relationships with population and employment density for both work and shopping trips. An analysis of density thresholds was conducted to identify levels of population and employment density, where significant decreases in SOV travel and increases in transit and walking occurred.

Authors:
Frank,L. D., Pivo,G.

Keywords:
density, mixed use, jobs-housing, mode choice, trip length, travel times, land use, urban form, travel behavior

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Abstract:
This project is part of a research agenda to discover ways to plan and implement urban forms that reduce dependence on the single occupancy vehicle (SOV). The purpose of this project was to empirically test the relationship between land use density, mix, jobs-housing balance, and travel behavior at the census tract level for two trip purposes: work and shopping. This project provides input into policies at the national, state, and local level, targeted at the reduction of SOV travel. This research employed a correlational research design in which urban form (e.g., density) and travel behavior (e.g., mode choice) relationships were analyzed while controlling for non-urban form factors (e.g., demographics). Data for travel behavior variables (modal choice, trip distance, and travel time) were obtained from the Puget Sound Transportation Panel. Data for the urban form variables (employment density, population density, mix, and jobs-housing balance) were obtained from the U.S. Census Bureau, the Washington State Employment Security Department, and the King County Assessor's Office. The databases developed for this study were composed of these data sources, matched together by one common variable: the census tract. The databases were structured around two separate units of analysis: the trip and the tract. Relationships between urban form and modal choice were analyzed at the tract level, while urban form relationships with trip distance and travel time were analyzed at the trip level. Simple statistical analytical methods were used to identify relationships between urban form and travel behavior variables, including T-tests, linear correlation, partial correlation, multiple regression, and cross-tabulation. Findings from the application of these methods indicated that employment density, population density, and land-use mix were negatively correlated with SOV usage and positively correlated with transit usage and walking for both work and shopping trips. Employment density, population density, and land-use mix were negatively correlated with trip distance. Travel time was positively correlated with employment density and negatively correlated with mixing of uses for work trips. The jobs-housing balance was negatively correlated with trip distance and travel time for work trips. Transit, walking, and SOV usage were found to have non-linear relationships with population and employment density for both work and shopping trips. An analysis of density thresholds was conducted to identify levels of population and employment density, where significant decreases in SOV travel and increases in transit and walking occurred.

Authors:
Frank,L. D.

Keywords:
density, mixed use, jobs-housing, mode choice, trip length, travel times, land use, urban form, travel behavior

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Abstract:
This working paper, 'Travel Patterns in Mixed Use Neighborhoods,' summarizes Phase I of a research effort by the Innovations Unit of the Washington State Transportation Commission. The study is based on previous Innovations Unit research, described in the 1992 report, Land Use-Transportation Linkage (Kestle et al. 1992), the focus of which was the impact of land use policies on transportation systems. This working paper describes surveys conducted in four neighborhoods in the state of Washington (three in King County and one in Spokane) to gather data on travel behavior in neighborhoods that have a good mix of housing, shopping, and services; in other words, mixed use neighborhoods. The survey consisted of telephone interviews to determine household characteristics and the subsequent collection of travel diaries to assess household travel habits by mode and purpose. Preliminary results indicate the preponderance of trips for both family and personal business on both weekdays and weekends. Although auto is the dominant mode, results indicate the potential for shared rides in all neighborhoods and for the walk mode in the in-city neighborhoods. Directions for future research are suggested, including the study of the potential for reducing vehicle miles traveled (VMT) in mixed use neighborhoods; the relationships among mixed use development, household demographics, and travel behavior; the possibility of substituting walking for auto use; and methods for alleviating weekend traffic congestion based on a better understanding of the components of weekend travel.

Authors:
Zemotel,L., Nielsen,K., Rutherford,G. S., Ishimaru,J. M.

Keywords:
mixed use, research, innovation, Washington, Washington state, transportation, linkage, land use, land-use, policy, systems, survey, counties, data, travel behavior, behavior, development, walking, traffic, traffic congestion, congestion

Abstract:
Noise mitigation strategies involving both noise reduction at the source of transportation noise and at the receiver of transportation noise are reviewed. The following major sources of noise within a motor vehicle considered: engine, intake, exhaust, cooling fan, transmission, and tire noise. Current research intended to address methods of reducing noise far each of these sources is discussed. It was found that vehicle manufacturer efforts in the U.S. to reduce vehicle noise is currently being motivated marketplace for quiet vehicles. In addition to the potentialnoise reduction from specific components of the vehicle, it was found that the type of roadway pavement can have a significant effect on noise. A key strategy for reducing transportation noise at the receiver of the noise is land use compatibility planning. local agencies who have successfully implemented and use compatibility planning programs were interviewed. These programs fall into two broad The first category is land use compatibility brought about by zoning. this category, land uses that are inherently with transportation noise sources are adjacent to the sources. The second category, referred to as proponent mi involves a process of mitigation needed to make the use with transportation noise through mitigation efforts funded by the proponent of the development. It was found that noise and land use compatibility programs were most beneficial to communities in the earlier stages of development whereas the use of a local noise ordinance was found to be more beneficial to communities that are more fully developed.

Authors:
Herman,L. A., Bowlby,W.

Keywords:
agencies, developed, development, land use, land use compatibility, land-use, methods, mitigation, noise, noise abatement, noise barriers, noise reduction, pavement, planning, program, research, roadway, tire, tire noise, traffic noise, transportation, vehicle noise, zoning

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Abstract:
Noise mitigation strategies involving both noise reduction at the source of transportation noise at the receiver of transportation noise are reviewed. The following major sources of noise within a motor vehicle were considered: engine, intake, exhaust, cooling fan, transmission, and tire noise. Current research intended to address methods of reducing noise far each of these sources is discussed. It was found that vehicle manufacturer efforts in the U.S. to reduce vehicle noise is currently being motivated marketplace for quiet vehicles. In addition to the potential noise reduction from specific components of the vehicle, it was found that the type of roadway pavement can have a significant effect on noise. A key strategy for reducing transportation noise at the receiver of the noise is land use compatibility planning. Local agencies who have successfully implemented and use compatibility planning programs were interviewed. These programs fall into two broad categories. The first category is land use compatibility brought about by zoning. In this category, land uses that are inherently with transportation noise sources are adjacent to the sources. The second category, referred to as proponent mitigation, involves a process of mitigation needed to make the use with transportation noise through mitigation efforts funded by the proponent of the development. It was found that noise and land use compatibility programs were most beneficial to communities in the earlier stages of development whereas the use of a local noise ordinance was found to be more beneficial to communities that are more fully developed.

Authors:
Herman,L. A., Bowlby,W.

Keywords:
agencies, developed, development, land use, land use compatibility, land-use, methods, mitigation, noise, noise abatement, noise barriers, noise reduction, pavement, planning, program, research, roadway, tire, tire noise, traffic noise, transportation, vehicle noise, zoning

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Abstract:
The search for alternatives to driving alone leads transportation specialists to ask questions about how urban form influences travel behavior and how urban forms that promote other modes of travel, fewer trips, and shorter trips can be implemented. Coordinated research projects are needed to answer these questions. Both physical and process elements of urban form are relevant to this investigation. Although researchers have attained general knowledge in this subject area, the relationships are not well enough understood to develop effective public policies that implement urban forms to reduce dependence on driving alone. Research needs to be conducted in these general areas: 1) physical relationships between urban forms and travel behavior, 2) public policies that can implement new urban forms, and 3) market factors that promote and inhibit the development of new urban forms. Within each of these areas, specific projects, which are identified in this report, should be conducted. Public and private sources at the regional, state, and national level should fund these projects.

Authors:
Pivo,G., Moudon,A. V., Hess,P., Perkins,K., Frank,L. D.

Keywords:
geographical, land use, urban form, travel behavior, urban planning, transportation planning

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Abstract:
This study investigated the opportunities for converting the lands surrounding a major suburban arterial so that they would no longer force residents to depend solely on the automobile but would support other modes of transportation. The study explored the integration of HOV lanes into the suburban arterial to better serve public transportation, pedestrian mobility, and bicycle circulation. These land use and transportation improvements could allow many suburban residents safe, easy, and pollution-free access to work, shopping, school, library and play. The improvements could convert suburban streets presently served only by cars into neighborhoods similar to the 'streetcar communities' of yesteryear, catering to pedestrian and bicyclists. The changes could save energy, reduce pollution, and rebuild a spirit of community.

Authors:
Untermann,R. K.

Keywords:
geographical, land use, design, HOV and planning

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Abstract:
The purpose of the study is to determine how distinctive social, economic, land use, governmental and political characteristics in the Vancouver-Portland area to uneven growth which in turn affects the transportation system. Interviews with public and private industrial representatives to identify the reasons underlying uneven growth are discussed. A statistical analysis of population, employment, vehicle registration and traffic across the Interstate 5 bridge connecting Vancouver and Portland is also presented. Recommendations are listed which suggest ways to improve the transportation system through modification of elements contributing to uneven growth.

Authors:
Public Transportation and Planning Division, Washington State Department of Transportation

Keywords:
analysis, bi-city, bi-state, bridge, economic development, employment, industrial location decision, interviews, land use, land use sewerage, land-use, population, public, statistical analysis, Study, System, traffic, traffic volumes, transportation, Uneven growth rate

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Abstract:
In high growth areas, highways frequently become congested as the result of land use changes. Local use controls have not prevented the adverse impacts. Further, state funds are inadequate to address the critical problems in growth areas. This study investigates six study areas in Washington compare land use change impacts and the effectiveness of the various procedures applied to prevent or correct such problems and to fund highway improvements in growth areas. A survey of practice in other states provides information concerning their approaches to the problem. The study concludes that comprehensive land use planning supported by inter-agency cooperation has been ted. Local governments have applied a number of innovative techniques for financing local roads and streets. Cooperative interagency planning before growth is out of control has benefited both the local jurisdiction and the state. However, state and local jurisdictions lack the authority to apply these techniques to state highways in Washington State. The study makes recommendations for increasing interagency cooperation and for legislative remedies.

Authors:
Jacobson,Robert

Keywords:
control, effectiveness, facilities, highway, highway financing, Highways, impact, impacts, improvement, Interagency planning, land use, land use controls, land use planning, land-use, land-use/transportation planning, local government, mitigation, planning, planning coordination, Study, survey, Washington, Washington state

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Abstract:
Criteria for selecting statewide monitoring sites for highway runoff were established t o provide representative combinations of climate, traffic highway, land use, geographic and topographic characteristics , Using thesecriteria , a minimum of six sites - were recommended for use to this research.

Authors:
Aye,Robert C.

Keywords:
criteria, highway, highway runoff, land use, land-use, monitoring, research, runoff, traffic, Water Pollutants, Washington State Monitoring

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